Peer Pressure Essay Example for Free

mate Pressure EssayIntroduction Peer haul is a cordial influence exerted on an individual by others in order to get that somebody to act or believe in a similar way. It is apply by a social group, often with the implication that everybodys doing it. This influence tin be negative or positive, with a successful result being a change in a persons behavior. Nearly all children encounter some form of partner pressure, whether at school, at church or at understructure among siblings. As a kind of social pressure, it dominates preteen life. Many teens become absorbed into different cliques and groups, spending less time with their families.Much of the personality of a teen can be shaped by a companion group. Negative associate pressure can be a dangerous pawn against children, especially younger or insecure children. They may be persuaded to chance upon actions they might otherwise not have considered, such as smoking cigarettes, intoxication alcohol or taking drugs. Pee r pressure is a problem for magnanimouss, who may be coerced, for example, into buying a house or car they coin bank afford in an effort to keep up with the J iodinses. Peer pressure is not always negative, however. A student whose friends excel in academics may be compelled to study hard and get wakeless grades.Influence can overly be exerted to get a friend off drugs or to help an adult take up a good habit or drop a bad one. Study groups, class projects and athletic groups are examples of positive peer groups. Why I chose the topic I decided to chose this topic because in the Indian Education System children experience a sudden thrust of emancipation and responsibility to shape their future at the same time. In such cases, they can either be well-guided or mis-guided. Peer pressure may also lead to stress and anxiety. Teens have a multitude of issues that can cause them anxiety.The two major shots for this peer pressure teen stress are in their home lives and in the coll ege setting. The stressors are many and diverse. Their feelings can be affected by some of the issues listed below * The feelings that others and also inside themselves tell them they should do and how they should transact. * Peer pressure teen stress is also caused by the way they feel they are viewed by adults in the college setting. * The peer pressure teen stress to perform in the grades and work they do. * Problems with socializing with other teens. Problems at home with family members. * Having a low self worth. * Always having verbal conflicts with their friends and family. * Low income living conditions for the family. * Peer pressure teen stress is sometimes caused by a major event causing grief or trauma within the family. This could be death, an illness, or parents separate up. * A split in the relationship with a boyfriend or girlfriend. * The neighborhood in which they live is not a good place. * Having to move to a new home is yet a cause of the peer pressure teen st ress. Having to adapt to a new school/college environment. Objectives of the project The main objective lens of the project is to discuss the issue of peer pressure under no pressure. The students must be made to understand how they can grasp the good and leave the bad. The project tries to distinguish between Good Peer Pressure and Bad Peer Pressure. It analyses various aspects that cause such a pressure and gives a solution to the same. The project also gives a remedy for overcoming bad peer pressure. The project also makes suggestions as to how can peer-pressure-struck children can be helped.The project also tries to examine the reasons that make children give-in to peer pressure. Here are some other reasons why people give in to peer pressure, that are less cognize but equally as responsible. The lack of self-confidence to go ones own way. It is easier to follow the footsteps of another than to make your own. There is also a certain direct of safety that comes with following another. Taking the road less traveled by making your own choices takes self-confidence and self-assurance. The desire to avoid embarrassment. Many people precaution embarrassment more than death.Knowing this, it is easy to see how important effective communication can be in responding to peer pressure. For example, if a bunch of peers beleaguer a teenager and asked him if he wants to smoke a cigarette like the rest of them have, and all the teenager can think of is, but my mom utter I should just say no. then he is in trouble. It is best to prepare yourself and your children with witty, yet clear and firm responses to known peer pressures. For example, in the above situation the teenager could say, Hmmm, spend my life wasting money, offending people, having bad breath, and killing myself. o thanks. A good response cannot only continue one from embarrassment, but give others the confidence to not give in to the peer pressure as well. Those who lead are often well respected by those who follow. The lack of using ones own mind. Again it is reacting, rather than responding that causes one to get in trouble. Think about the consequences of your actions, both present and future. Dont give in and sacrifice your long-term goals for short-term gratification. The lack of unbiased information. When someone feels pressure from peers, they are often presented with biased information.Again it is preparation that can help one to avoid peer pressure by knowing all the facts. Anticipate peer pressure in life and get the facts from a reliable source. develop yourself and your children dont count on the school system to do it. Some of the more common peer pressures experienced in youth that can be prepared for today are smoking, alcohol, drugs, sex, cutting class and committing crimes. The biggest peer pressure in adulthood is being expected to behave, act, and perform like your peers rather than becoming the person you are capable of becoming.Know the reasons for and against these pressures. Resources referred ? Bullying Prevention weapons platform http//www. clemson. edu/olweus/ ? Take Action Against Bullying www. bullybeware. org ? Steps to Respect A Bully Prevention Program www. cfchildren. org/str. html ? Breaking the Cycle of Violence Intervention for Bullying and Victimization (1996) By Richard J. Hazler ? How to Say No and Keep your Friends Peer Pressure Reversal for ? Teens and Pre-Teens (1997). By Sharon Scott ? CAFS Teacher Talk Volume 1(3) 1996 http//education. indiana. du/cas/tt/v3i3/peerpress. html Preventing Classroom Bullying What Teachers Can Do (2003). By Jim Wright http//jimwrightsonline. com/pdfdocs/bully/bullyBooklet. pdf ? Resource for parents http//sitemaker. umich. edu/356. darnell/advice_for_parents Conclusions Growing up, everyone will experience some form of peer pressure. Peer pressure is the control and influence people of our age may have on us. Peer pressure can occur in many kinds of relationships. The way we respond to peer pressure can have a great impact on the decisions we make and, in turn, our total health.There are many different types of peer pressure. There is positive, negative, and manipulation. Positive peer pressure is not limited to following or setting good examples of what to do. It can also provide examples of what not to do. A teen whose friends do not use alcohol or other drugs may be positively influenced to follow their example. Being a good role model is also a great way to demonstrate positive peer pressure. Influencing peers to take part in a positive act or worthwhile cause is a healthful way of influencing others. It can be contagious.We are to begin with social beings with a strong need to belong. Throughout our life, we search for the balance between independence and connectedness. How much of ourselves do we give up/compromise in order to belong? The teenage years (and pre-teen) are a time of shifting focus of belonging from family to peers as while also de veloping a personal identity. Because kids dont yet have the maturity to grasp or to understand the potential consequences of being influenced by their friends, it is difficult for them to see the pitfalls of poor relationships and negative peer pressure.This project is designed to walk us through the inquiry and clarification of the need to feel connected and belong, as well as to be professedly to ones self while assessing the harmful affects of peer pressure. In addition to the inquiry looking at the costs/benefits belonging, it will identify strategies to deal with negative peer pressure and ways to turn it around, creating positive peer pressure, building leadership and personal power.

Credit Card Essay Example for Free

Credit Card EssayCredit card has undoubtedly made our lives easy but it is all important(p) that you use credit cards in the right way so that you can make the most of it without getting caught in the credit trap. All you be in possession of to do is to keep a track of your purchases, remember you payment cycles, try to settle full credit card payments at the end of every month, keep off spending in excess and carry your cards cautiously. If handled properly, credit cards can serve to be very convenient but they can similarly lead you to a huge debt if misused. So just play carefully with the tiny plastic thing that is placed in your wallet.

Organic Synthesis of Polymers | Essay

Organic Synthesis of Polymers EssayPolymeric reagents offer a motley of unique benefits. Intra-molecular reactions, such as the cyclization of peptides or Dieckmann cyclizations, can be applied by attaching the reactive molecules at distant points along a polymer chain. In contrast, if the reactive molecules are secured in close approprinquity on a polymeric support then intermolecular reactions take place as illustrated for a ketone synthetic thinking. Besides such proximity effects, mutual effects can also be oppressed, e.g. in the accumulation of a 21 complex of a crown quintessence and an alkali metal ion. The hydrolysis of an ester with polyvinylimidazole gives a wide demonstration of hydrophobic intercommunications. The simple dialysis of polymer-bound and low-molecular compounds by filtration is another significant benefit.The use of suitable additions of polymer-supported reagents, catalysts and/or scavengers is a brawny method, both for the synthesis of single thorough going compounds and for parallel synthesis. A further step of development is the use of such reactants in flow systems. So far, it has been shown that a range of flow formats bear excellent chemical yields and, where relevant, excellent enantio-meric molecules. The base has a longer lifetime than in batch systems. Flow cascades omen to be considerable in future. Studies on the relevency of conventional liquid-state NMR spectroscopy for the examination of solid-phase organic reactions straightly on the resin will be described. For a doctrinal clarification small and easily assignable molecules substituted with a chain of different lengths were symphonized. In a continues step, these so-called sensor molecules were attached with commercially available resins.second lotPolymer-supported synthesis (PSS) process involves the momentary coupling of synthesis substrates to a polymer carrier and therefrom curtails product purification and isolation to simple filtration and washing exerci ses. Since the polymers apply in PSS are commonly not functionalized and inert to the many reaction conditions utilise in organic synthesis, a willingly cleavable linker intrinsic is utilize to attach the synthesis substrate to the polymer. Few of these linker groups are correlative of common preserving groups that are apply in flight-step solution-phase syntheses .As are the passe-partoutity of such standard preserving groups, closely linker groups utilise in Polymer-supported synthesis are a chiral.Nonetheless, chiral molecules acquit also been investigated as linker groups in such a way that they act as chiral auxiliaries in unbalanced Polymer-supported synthesis. This summarizes the information describing use of such chiral linkers and other chiral auxiliaries in PSS.The paradigm presented herein are correlated according to the functional group of the auxiliary that is used to hitch up the synthesis substrate.After all the inception of the Merrifield method for peptide s ynthesis, impenetrable polymer supports take on been assimilated into various synthetic methodologies to easy product purification. Despite extremely acknowledged, solid-phase synthesis still illustrates various weakness due to the nature of heterogeneous molecules reaction conditions. Non-linear kinetic behavior, uneven distribution and/or ingress to the chemical reaction, solvation problems, and native synthetic problems concorded with solid-phase synthesis pretend led many labs to move towards alternative methods to restore uniform reaction conditions. By replacing in disintegrable cross-linked resins with soluble polymer supports the kindred reaction conditions of classical organic chemistry are reinstated, and yet product purification is still expedited through the usage of macro-molecular properties. This methodology, termed liquid-phase synthesis, in essence avoids the hurdles of solid-phase synthesis while conserving its positive aspects.The term liquid-phase synthesis was earlier used to highlight the heterogeneity between solid-phase peptide synthesis and a method of synthesis on soluble polyethylene glycol.3rd lotCONCLUSIONThereafter some primary blooming reports, the use of polymer backed chiral auxiliaries was a comparatively latent area of research. Although, along with the latest rejuvenation of interest in polymer-supported organic synthesis. In general, the usage of auxiliaries in such synthesis has now increased over the preceding(a) fewer years.Already, the clogging of a broad range of auxiliaries onto polymer supports has been proclaimed. In such instances, the auxiliary is used both to urge imbalance into the reaction, and also to correlate the synthesis substrate to the polymer carrier. Usually, when comparisons flummox been made, the produce of the polymer supported reactions speculum those of the comparable solution-phase experiments.In a few examined aspects, the polymer- supported auxiliaries really incured more enantio-selec tivity than their soluble supplements. Many of the illustrations represented here used commercially available polystyrene resins as the polymer supported. Given the received and ongoing explore into the growth of innovative polymers that provide enhanced physical and chemical properties, it can be anticipated that polymer-supported auxiliaries will turn into eternally more useful in asymmetric synthesis. For instance, polystyrene resins that contain cross-linkers or polar grafts have been proclaimed that widen the diversity of solvents with which they are well-matched. Further, in addition to polystyrene polymers, polyethers, polyamines, and polysaccharides have all been recently inspected as supports that may possibly have advantageous properties. Consequently, as the polymer chains are superior and develop into additional companionable with the essential solvents, they possibly will present healthier deliverance of the synchronization complexes and/or alteration states requisite for elevated enantio-selectivity and thus escort to reactions with augmented selectivity.Liquid-phase methodologies offer unconventional strategies for compound synthesis by incorporating the constructive aspects of both conventional and solid-phase chemistry. Enabling homogeneous reaction circumstances and simplifying disengagement of product, liquid phase synthesis has established efficacy for peptide, oligonucleotide, oligosaccharide, and shows assurity for the usage in tiny molecule synthesis. Research in combinatorial chemistry has brought to the introduction of LPCS in regulate to abridge and speed the synthesis and broadcasting of small molecule libraries for drug lead invention. Undoubtedly supplementary applications will be revealed for liquid-phase methodologies.In addition, the current two-dimensional structure might be tuned for specific properties (and applications). This is a key prospect that coherent synthesis offers over pyrolytic approaches. For example, each one retell unit carries a benzotriate cap that can be detached by ester hydrolysis to give a two-dimensional polymer with accurate, undersized pores that could be valuable for discerning enclosing or filtration of diminutive molecules. The hydroxyl groups of the decapped two-dimensional polymer can also be used as specifically spaced anchors to affix chemical entities of various sorts. fourth lotROLE OF CHLORAMINE-T AND BROMAMINE-T AS SYNTHETIC REAGENTSThe chlorine compound, chloramine-T (CAT), a by-product in saccharin synthesis, is well-known as an analytical reagent and the mechanistic aspects of its reactions have been acknowledged by Campbell and Johnson.The well-known members of this category of compounds are chloramine-T, chloramine-B and the equivalent bromine analogues broniamine-T. bromamine-B. From the time when these oxidants respond with a wide range of functional groups, they are used as reagents for logical and kinetic investigations.Chalcones are those substances foun d in a numerical of plants or unnaturally hustling. They exhibit various biological actions viz., antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, ant mitotic, antitumor, cytotoxicity, painkiller and antipyretic properties. They furthermore act as impending anti-ulcer, antifungal, anticancer and antimalerial agents. A variety of oxidants have been used for the corrosion of chalcones.Polymer-supported metal complexes have originated an clamant horizon in synthetic organic chemistry showing well predictable benefits over the homogeneous systems. This type of anchored catalysts have been deliberated by numerous researchers to contrast the exercise of transition metal catalysts in harmonized and assorted states, due to superior catalytic activity showed by these anchored catalysts under a little reaction parameters. rough information have been available from our group on the restriction of different metal complexes on organic polymer with their applications as catalysts.Aziridines, b elonging to the nominal group of hetero-cycles, is an imperative category of compounds and is used as intermediates for functional group modifications. Synthesis of aziridines is consequently a matter of greatly explore ended the preceding few years. The well-nigh atom applicable method of synthesis of aziridines lies in the direct aziridination of olefins with appropriate nitrenes.Bromamine-T, 1 (TsN-NaBr) can be used as a advanced resourcefulness of nitrogen in the copper catalyzed aziridination of various olefins.5th lotREACTIVITY OF N-BROMO RESINS WITH DIFFERENTLY SUBSTITUTED A-PHENYL ETHANOLSUse of polymer-supported reagents in organic synthesis has increased over the past few years due to its well-situated controlling and easy methods. The significance of these reagents is mostly felt in the new method of combinatorial synthesis, where high output stage phase synthesis is deliberated with polymer supported reagents. The current revision illustrates the steadiness of the late st polymer backed bromine chloride resin and the formerly reported perbromide resin to micro-cook irradiation conditions. A simplistic regio and chemo selective bromo-methoxylation of a variety of alkenes exploiting the above reagents is proclaimed, including illustration from natural sources.The first usage of polymers in organic synthesis was prepared by Merrifield when he brought his solid phase technique for the amalgamation of peptides. Since then, functionalized polymers have been used in organic synthesis. They have been acted as catalysts and reagents in various types of organic reactions.Various characteristics of polymeric reagents such as ease of separation, regioselectivity and hold openability to make them distinctive and useful in chemical observence. A huge assortment of polymer supported reagents have been used in organic reactions, e.g., halogenations, condensation, oxidation, reduction. One of the important and exceedingly relevant categories of polymer supported reagents is polymeric oxidizing agents which have been used in abundant organic synthesis.A number of specific features of N-halo reagents such as participation of the N-X bond and different modes of its splitting, decide their broad collection of applications in organic synthesis. Depending on the condition, a numeral of exceedingly imprudent intermediates can be obtained, e.g., halogen radicals, halogen cations, halogen anions, N-radicals, N-cations, and N-anions. For instance,N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) is a general reagent used in organic chemical reactions and promotes incredibly necessary reactions, such as halogenations, solvolytic halogenation, imidation, oxidation, as glowing as other processes consequential in formation of compounds with C-X, C-O, C=O, S-X, P-X, C-N, P-N bonds, etc. The current applications of NBS as catalyst, oxidant, selective brominating reagent, and initiator in the polymerization reactions have been reviewed recently.Synthesis and applications of many p olymeric species of N-halo compounds have been investigated, i.e., poly(pN-chlorostyrenesulphonamide), N-chloronylones, and poly(N-bromoacrylamide). However, there are a few reports on polymers or copolymers containing N-halosuccinimide. Yaroslavsky et al. introduced the synthesis of N-chloro and N- bromopolymaleimide and used as halogenating agents. Polymers and copolymers containing bromosuccinimde moiety have been used for oxidation of acetals. Various researches indicate that poly (N-bromomaleimide) has not been systematically investigated as a polymeric oxidizing reagent in the pasture of organic synthesis. In this revision, we wish to evidence the synthesis of poly(N-bromomaleimide) with diverse cross linking densities and their applications in assorted oxidation reactions such as oxidation of alcohols to their equivalent carbonyl compounds, synthesis ofketophosphonates from their hydroxyphosphonates,oxidative conversion of sulphide to sulphoxide,oxidative coupling of thiols, andoxidative deprotection of oximes to carbonyl compounds.Towering steadiness of this polymeric reagent compared to its low molecular weight counterparts, trouble-free work up measures of the reactions, and its rejuvenation and salvage formulate it beneficial over comparable N-halo reagents.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYThe objectives of the current study are as followsTo study the organic synthesis of polymers.To study the solid-phase polymeric analogues of chloramine-T T and Bromamine T.To investigate the thermal stability of polymeric Bromamine T.

Performance Appraisal System Impact on Employees Apollo Tyres

Performance Appraisal System Impact on Employees Apollo Tyres1.1 Introduction concord to Mayo, 2000, Human resources discernment is an important function of a unwavering because the machines can be easily directed, repaired and utilised solely employees atomic number 18 living beings with emotions and prejudices and cannot be easily directed, repaired and utilised. In 20th century the theoretical as s good as practical aspects of the Human resources way got a scientific attribute, the consistent efforts of the management to improve the motion of the fast(a) has get outed in the act rating of gentlemans gentleman resources or employees. The employees atomic number 18 the building blocks of a stiff and the defective block go forth deform the entire firm so it is the responsibility of the management to consideration these building blocks according to the needs. The deed estimate remains is not new concept it has an age old hi narration to tell but the modern idea orga nization has evolved in the mid of 20th century.The performance estimation organisation, which integrates umpteen departments of the firm, is aimed at the enhancement of performance of the employees. The employees who are not scoring in the performance approximation period are required to undergo training and skill development create by mental act. The performance appraisal was believed to be a motivation ingredient but in practise many studies throw away shown that it is not always act as a motivational operator but some(a) seasons has de-motivational nubs on the appraised. The trunk which educates the rules and regulations to motivate the employees to perform better in the next appraisal period can be called as a best suited strategy for that particular firm because there is no optimum method acting or procedure to be followed in a performance appraisal arranging in a firm. (Nishad, 2005)The motivation and de-motivation factors may be present in the same performanc e appraisal dodge. The appraisal may be motivational to some employees retardation it is de-motivating for opposites. The combined effect is a frequent thing in all appraisal system but the proportion of motivation to de-motivation factors should be high some otherwise the entire verifiable of the Performance appraisal leave be failed. (Seong and Lewis, 2009)There are many factors which affect the result of performance appraisal the main factor is the appraisal procedure and the evaluation criteria, the next important factors are t prohibiter, pagan, sparing and governmental aspects of the employees. The social and cultural aspects are known as permanent factors which cannot be nullified so it becomes the duty of the employer to plan a PA system which suits the socio-cultural aspects of the employees in addition to the due consideration for the political as well as the economics factors. (Nishad, 2005)1.2 Background and justification of the vignette1.2.1 Background of the battlegroundApollo Tyres Ltd is a international caller-out having many divisions all around the mankind. It is a private celestial sphere company with trammel liability. The performance track of ATL has attracted many foreign firms to initiate joint venture with this company in UK, US and African continent. The performance of this company and the varied product categories it offers to the customers are the key for its success. (Company profile, 2010)Apollo Tyres Ltd is emerging as a global tyre manufactures and it predominates its strength in the availability of materials and advertize at a lower price than its competitors. The annual revenue for 2009 financial year was 1.2 Billion USD. The main source of income is form the domestic production recently the firm has acquired many other international firms such as the Dunlop Tyres in 2006 and VBBV of Netherlands as well as the Russias largest tyre manufacturing company Amtel-Vredestein NV. ATL has a direct market strategy and has 2500 saleroom all over the world majority of it are in India. There are 4000 dealerships India and more than 100 dealers internationally. (Company profile, 2010 and Stanley, 2009)The globalisation has brought many challenges to ATL as new multinational companies have entered the health care sector in India. ATL has coped with challenges with diversified product plan and for that it has invested billion of Indian Rupee, as a result the company has major market share in India. It is a matter of credit that around 10% of Tyre Products available all over world belong to ATL because of the exportation activities of the company. The company is so successful because of the put to work force it got. (Company profile, 2009)The workers are being provided by good facilities such as good working environment, good salary, pliable time order of business and holi daytime and festive allowances etcetera The Management has already providing them a contributory pension fund and insura nce scheme for the employees. The educational bookman ships and education facility up to high school for the children of employees are provided by the company itself, apart from the residential facility. (Company profile, 2010 and Stanley, 2009)The annual report from financial year 2006 to 2009 has be that the productivity has been getting decreased year by year. In 2006 it was 2.6% decrease and in 2009 it has r from each oneed the alarming 18% decrease. The management has a performance appraisal system since 1971 and counselling programme as well as skill development programmes are provided for the underperformed employees. Still the productivity graph records a downward growth. And this proposed study indents to find out the effectiveness and impact of the appraisal system on the employees and the productivity. (Stanley, 2009)1.2.2 Justification of the studyE real organisation around the world has vision and mission, whatever the philosophical system behind the vision and missio n there provide be a common factor in the philosophy improved performance. The improved performance ability bring profit to the organisation. The overall development of the organisation may be one side of the improved performance of the firm. the improved performance means the compound performance of the its various departments such as Human resources management, financial management, production and operations management, sales management, marketing management, customer care managementetc. In all of these departments the human factor is a matter of serious consideration. The right people for the right job make all the differences. (Taylor, 2001)All the firms have some or other method to measure and break apart the performance of it. The analysis of this performance and the actions plans to be taken to improve the performance are of great richness of e precise firm. To manage the performance appraisal of its employees the firms have a separate appraisal department under the huma n resources department. The functions of appraisal department are incorporate with other department such as financial department to coordinate the appraisal rewards and punishments, if any. (Qureshi, 2005)The performance appraisal is a complicated disciple of study because the appraisal result might not be the intended and assumed motivation of the employees. The studies have revealed that in many firms around world the appraisal process and curative measures have resulted in the declined performance of the employees indicating the de-motivational effect of the appraisal system. (Nishad, 2005)The appraisal methods and criteria should be defined particularly for each firm because the appraisal results and the impact of the employees are very much depended on the external internal factor of the firm. The external factors such as socio-cultural traits of the employees, the economic and political situation of the geographical location of the firmetc. The internal factors mean the natu re of the jobs, the leisure and pleasure in the job, the working conditions, organisational cultureetc. (Nishad, 2005)The appraisal theories when applied to the Asian countries the result may be devastating because the westward appraisal theories have a great limitation in the Asian countries because of the social and cultural difference of the Asian people. So it is autocratic to analyse the appraisal system on the substructure of local factor which influence the management and the organisational behaviour of the employees. (Taylor, 2001and Nishad, 2005)In the proposed study, ATL- Kalamassery, in the Kerala state, India, is taken because the political and the economical situations of the state. The Kerala is world famous for the various political ideologies such as communism and socialism. The economic backwardness of the state is also factor to take this whole of ATL for the study. According to Taylor (2001) the social- cultural traits of the employees in India are very much di fferent from the western countries. The social behaviour of Indians is sometimes unacceptable social etiquettes for westerners. The social bond and relations are different from that of the western countries. The proposed study would like to analyse the impact of the factors in the appraisal system and how far the appraisal system of ATL can manage its employees in the improvement of performance.1.2.3 Literature ReviewPerformance appraisal has a long history it emerged with the civilisation. When the people are interacting to each other in an tasteful fashion then it may require some laws to govern the conduct of the people in the theme. This preliminary law formation is called grundnorm which means the buns norm, and these base norms were designed to control the conduct and also the distributed duties. The distribution of duties include various works later on when these works required efficiency then performance of the individual and the groups were began to analyse. So it can b e said that the performance appraisal was there in the primitive societies and in the course of time the application and the method of evaluation has been changed a lot. (Rajeev, 2000)According to Mayo, (2000), in the modern world, where everything is measured in time, the performance evaluation has great importance. The performance of each member of a group is important for the purpose of performance evaluation. After the industrial revolution new management theories came in to being and many of them went in to oblivion, those survived gave emphasis on the evaluation of the performance on the basis of scientific criteria. The industrial world tries to motivate its man power so that better performance can be obtained from each of the employees.The motivational aspect of the performance appraisal has been subject for deep rooted debates which are based on the many disciplines of study such as psychology, anthropology, sociologyetc. The complexity of the subject matter indicates the intricacies involved in the performance appraisal process and its impact on the employees. (Nishad, 2005)The motivational theories such as Vrooms expectancy theory and hygienics theory suggest that the employees are not motivated by giving them better facilities or salary but there is a mental dimension such as appreciation, recognition, career growth etc. The modern appraisal theory which is based on these concepts where as the classical theory of performance appraisal only frequent the deterrent method, that is, the employees who are performing well pull up stakes be paid better and those who are not leave be sacked. This get along has many loop holes such as the mental strain during the appraisal period the employees have and the lack of loyalty from the part of the employees and it was proved to be ineffective in motivating the employees. (Rajeev, 2000)The modern approach, meanwhile, support more over a lenient approach towards the employees. The basic philosophy is to reg ister the basic problem in the underperformance of the employees. The root cause may not be related to the employment or it may be related of some physiological problems, whatever it may the manager or the supervisor who is in charge of the appraisal process is responsible to sympathize it. The counselling process is designed to understand the problems and give suggestions to lap the problems of the employees. The training and improvement programmes are also conducted in many modern industries to increase the performance level of the employees. (Rajeev, 2000)The performance appraisal is usually begins with the formulation of the criteria on which each and every employee will be analysed. The criteria formation is very complex and will be unique according to the nature of employment as well as the philosophy of the management. The criteria then communicated to the employees and a time period will be given to them to opine about the criteria and after the evaluation of the suggestio ns from the various sources the management may change the criteria or stick on with it. The appraisal process will start and the each employee will be informed about the appraisal period. The appraisal result will be published publically and remedial measures will be taken thereafter. The remedial measures include the training and improvement programme and even the removal of the underperformance form the employment. (North, 2006)The problem with the performance appraisal begins when the employees are instructed to undergo the remedial measures. According to Nishad (2005), the social and cultural factors of the employees as well as the political strength are important factors that dictate the appraisal process. Unlike the western world in Asian countries the political strength of the employees unions is much stronger and the labour laws are much lenient to support the employees. The appraisal system in the Asian countries shall not follow the procedures of the western firms. The mot ivational factors and the de-motivational factors are different and conflicting in western and eastern world. The factors which motivate a westerner may a factor for de-motivation in Asian countries.According to Taylor (2001), the social-cultural aspects of the employees have significant effect on the appraisal system in the Asian countries. The apportion unionism and the political inclination of these unions are other factors which will affect the appraisal system adversely. The behavioural pattern of the employees have to be analysed before the formulating the appraisal strategy.The political philosophy of the political parties in Kerala varies from leftist ideology to the rightist capitalism. The political parties powerfully support one or the other political ideologies communism and socialism are the major philosophies which are being followed in the state for more than a century. The trade unions of the state are affiliated to anyone of the political parties and the trade uni ons enjoys the protection of labour laws of the land. (Ashok, 2007)Situation in the ATL is not different from the political situation of the state. The political parties have a great influence on the trade unions and the lives of the employees. Every employee in the ATL is affiliated to any one of the political parties. This is basically a option strategy for the employees as well as the trade unions. (Ashok, 2007)The collective bargaining of the trade unions and the threat of strikes hampered the growth of many industries in the state. The current situation in the firm is also same and the management have to discuss and reach in a consensus to implement any change in work schedule or in bonus or in the salary. The strength of the management is in the bargaining power and that of the trade unions is in the unity and threat to strike. (Uppal, 2009)The performance appraisal system of any industry is under the scrutiny of the trade unions, the performance criteria should be passed by the trade union so that it can be smoothly run. The remedial measures are also supervised by the trade unions and any action which will be a potential threat will be strongly resisted by the unions. (Uppal, 2009)1.2.4 AimThe present study aims to analyse the Performance Appraisal System of the Apollo Tyres Ltd and the motivating as well as the de-motivating effect of the appraisal system on the basis of the socio-cultural and politico-economical situations and to suggest the strategies and procedures to improve the performance of the employees.1.2.5 Hypothesis(A) Null hypothesis H0Impact of a performance appraisal system on the employees is depended on the social, cultural, political and economic environment of the firm and the employees(B) Alternative HyposthesisH1 Impact of a performance appraisal system on the employees is NOT depended on the social and Cultural environment of the firm and the employeesH2 Impact of a performance appraisal system on the employees is NOT depended on the political and economic environment of the firm and the employeesThe null hypothesis is statistical hypothesis that is tested for possible rejection under the assumption that it is true (usually those observations are the result of chance). The concept was introduced by R.A.fisher (Gonick and Smith, 2006)In this proposed study, the null hypothesis considers the independent variables such as social, cultural, political and economic factors of the environment in which the firm operates. The null hypothesis is assumed to be trued based on the various abetary information. The alternative hypothesis is divided in to two part one with the factors such social and cultural factors and the second one is political and economic factors.According to Malhotra (2008), the social and cultural factors cannot be separated as it is has strong influence on each other. The social factor is formed based on the cultural factor and the cultural is nurtured and propagated through social circumstan ces. According to Cumbler (2003), The political philosophy is always related with the economy of the country, the political affiliation is more over has direct influence on the economy of the people. It is noteworthy that the communism and other labourer favoured philosophies are flourishing the third world countries because of the poor economic conditions. Once these countries become developed nations the leftist philosophies will cease to exist in course of time.1.2.6 Primary Objectives of the Study1. To analyse the performance appraisal system in general and particularly in the Apollo Tyres Ltd (ATL)2. To understand analyse the conditional relation of the performance appraisal system in achieving the goals and objectives of a firm3. To study and analyse the transition of performance appraisal from conventional to modern and the major factors influenced the transition4. To understand the motivating and de-motivating effect of the appraisal system on the employees in general and p articularly in the ATL5. To analyse effect of social and cultural factors and political and economical factors of the employees on the appraisal system in general and particularly in the ATL.1.2.7 Research QuestionsTo fulfil the primary objective of the study the following look questions are proposedPerformance Appraisal its meaning and definitionsWhat are the significance of performance evaluation system in accomplishing the organisational objective and goals?What are the differences in the modern as well as in the conventional appraisal system?What is the relation between the motivation of the employee and appraisal system?How do the socio-cultural and politico-economical factors of the employee affect the Appraisal System in a firm?Does the performance appraisal system in the Apollo Tyres Ltd have a motivational effect on the employees?What are the strategies that the ATL follows in the appraisal process to enhance the performance of the employees in the particular socio-cultura l and politico-economical primer coat?2. Research method and Approach2.1 IntroductionThe research method and approach is devised to study and understand Performance Appraisal System in the Apollo Tyres Ltd (ATL). The study involves the idea of the employees and the management on the present appraisal system in ATL. The interview method will be utilize to understand the management side of story on the Performance Appraisal system in the ATL. The questionnaire method is used to understand the employee side story. The literature reviews are depended to make a frame work on the theoretical concept of the study. Various statistical methods will be used to analyse the information and it will be explained on the basis of applicable literature. The span of the research will be six months. In the month of March, 2010 the study will be commenced and the final report will be submitted in September, 2010.2.2 Research Methodology of the studyThe research methodology of the study is designed to understand the Performance Appraisal System in the ATL and the impact of present system on the employees.According to Kothari, (2002) the research method suitable for a study where the relevant literatures as well as the primary data are used the two research methods are generally used such as the exploratory methods and the constructive methods. The constructive methods are used when the subject matter of the research needs some frame of reference to handle the entire research results. For example, in international marketing research, sometimes, the cultural traits of customers have to be taken the basis or frame of reference of the study because this trait will affect all the research questions under study.2.2.1 Exploratory research methodsExploratory research methods are wildly used in the indirect data accumulation. In this present study the literature review will be used to understand and to formulate the theoretical frame work of the entire study. The history of the appra isal system, the relevance of the appraisal system, the motivational as well as the de-motivational aspects of the PA system, the social and cultural factors as well as the political and economic factors will be extensively studied through relevant literature. The relevant sources will be explored to understand the subject matter of the study deeply thus exploratory research methods. (Kothari, 2002)2.2.2 Constructive Research MethodsConstructive research methods are used when the research result cannot be generalised due the influence of dominant factors in the study. (Kothari, 2002)In the present study the performance appraisal system is analysed based on the social and cultural aspect of the employees. The political and economical aspects are also considered for the study because all these factors have a dominant effect on the study. In other words, without taking these factors under consideration the research will be completed. The geographical location of the unit under study is in the Kerala state, India, which is an economically backward target and the political philosophies, such communism and socialism have formidable impact on the people living there. The social and cultural factors are different from the western world and the social bonds and family cohesions are very important aspects this culture. The social interaction and etiquettes are different from that of the western world so the theories applicable in the western world no longer stand good in these situations. So it is mandatory for this study to form a frame work on these factors to analyse the subject matter of the research.2.2.3 Questionnaire and interview methodInterview and questionnaire methods are generally used to collect the data first hand (Kothari, 2002). In this study these methods are preferred to get the information on the appraisal system of ATL and the impact of such system on the employees. The questionnaires will be used to get the confidences of the employees on the perf ormance appraisal system as well as the appraisal rewards and the methods of the PA system.According to Saunders et al., 2003 the open end interviews are useful to gather data in a larger perspective. The open end interview questions and the answers to it will give the interviewer the opportunity to ask other relevant questions to the interviewee based on the preliminary answer and can get more details from the interviewer.The interview questions are open end in nature and the questions will be asked to the officials of ATL. According to the answers of these officials other related questions will be asked to get more comprehensive view on the subject. This method is used to interview the officials only because there are very few in number.The questionnaire will be distributed to the employees and the responses will be collected back within one month of distribution. This method is adopted because in this unit there are 2100 employees and interviewing all them will not be possible d ue to time constrain.2.3 Method of StudyThe proposed study requires both primary data as well as the secondary data to meet the objectives of the study. The method of study thus designed to collect the primary as well as the secondary data. The primary data will be collected from the management staffs and from the employees. The secondary data will be collected by referring books, Articles, the e-journals and paper journals, net sitesetc.2.4 Primary data collections methodsPrimary data will be collected from the employees and the managers of the ATL directly. The employees will be distributed the self-structured close end questionnaire to be answered and 2 weeks time will be given to them to fill it and return. Managerial staff will be interview with open end interview questions. According to Saunders et al., 2003, the open end questions are very ingenious for interviewing a small sample in a study it also very effective because the open end questions will provide enough opportuni ty to ask more questions based on the answer for the previous questions and clarify the doubts on the statements if any.2.5 Secondary Data collection methodsThe secondary data collection is highly recommended information gathering process in any research work. The researcher should be diligent enough to select apt resources and updated information. In management subjects the data collection should be done through updated resources and latest editions books, articles and journals because new concept and theories and its applications are emerging day by day and it is the responsibility of the researcher to find out the up dated information for his research work. (Kumar, 2005)The secondary data collection method includes access to the relevant and updated books, journals and articles. The website will be extensively used if the authenticities of the sites are known. The university library and online facility will be extensively used for this research. The data regarding the company pro file will be gathered though company website and referring the ISO manual of ATL and the annual report which is available in the web site of ATL.2.6 Method of Data analysisIn the proposed study the primary data as well as the secondary data will be used to reach a conclusion and the recommendations. The primary data will be analysed with various statistical tools such as chi square test, ANOVA etc and the variance analysis will be done to understand the impact of the statement with the literature review. Both the primary and secondary data will be simultaneously used to interpret the results of the research.2.7 Scope, Ethics and Limitation of the StudyScopeThe proposed study is on the performance appraisal system and the impact of it on the employees. The scope of the research includes the analysis of the various factors such as the social-cultural aspects and the political-economic factors of the environment in which the Apollo Tyres Limited is operating. The social and cultural as pect of the employees will be analysed and the suitable strategy for the appraisal system will be studied. The political and economic situation of the employees will be analysed and the performance appraisal approach of the management will be studied based on these factors. The scope of the research will be on the formulation appraisal strategy which will be suitable under the various research variables. The motivational and the de-motivational impact of the appraisal system will be analysed based on the four above mentioned aspects of the employees.EthicsAccording to Kothari (2002), a research study will provide accurate results and will provide a valid conclusion if it has followed a research ethics. In this proposed study the permission to do the research is obtained from the management of Apollo Tyres Limited, Kalamassery Unit, Kerala state, India. The survey among the employees of the ATL will be conducted confidentially. The questionnaire will not contain any whereabouts of th e employees only the service, age, gender and positions. It will not ask for any personal details such as the address, build or any name of unique post. The research will seek the written permission from the management for the interview of the Management staffs so the evidence of opinion can be adduced in the Dissertation. Relevant literature will be collected and analysed to gather the knowledge base on the subject matter so that the research should have a through theoretical support.LimitationsShort span of time is problem in the research as the time period is limited to three months. The data collection and the analysis of the primary data will be done with maximum speed and there is a chance the responses of the employees is not 100% true to the fact. The literature available on the performance appraisal is numerous and reading the relevant one requires great time. The limited time may limit the number of literature that can be analysed by the researcher.The data will be gather ed through research aid wing of Indian Management Association (IMA). The representative of IMA will be hired for the purpose of the data collection the knowledge limit of the person on the research objective may prove to be a problem in translating the questionnaire to the employees.The cooperation from the part of the employees and other management staff is essential for the success of the research. The research will pay if there is limited cooperation from the staffs of the Apollo Tyres Limited.2..8 Conclusion and RecommendationsConclusionThe trade unionism and the political inclination of these unions are other factors which will affect the appraisal system adversely. The behavioural pattern of the employees have to be analysed before the formulating the appraisal strategy. The political philosophy of the political parties in Kerala varies from leftist ideology to the rightist capitalism. The political parties strongly support one or the other political ideologies communism and socialism are the major philosophies which are being followed in the state for more than a century. The trade unions of the state are affiliated to anyone of the political parties and the trade unions enjoys the protection of labour laws of the land. Situation in the ATL is not different from the political situation of the state. The political parties have a great influence on the trade unions and the lives of the employees. Every employee in the ATL is affiliated to any one of the political parties. This is basically a survival strategy for the employees as well as the trade unions. The collective bargaining of the trade unions and the threat of strikes hampered the growth of many industries in the state. The current situation in the firm is also same and the management have to discuss and

Existence Precedes Essence Essay

Existence Precedes Essence EssayExistence Precedes EssenceAccording to metaphysics, essence precedes creation. This gist that any object, if it has to come into existence its idea should exist in the mind of the creator. For example, if we want to build a house, an idea of how the house will look like, its features and jam must take place in our mind its essence should be there before it can come into existence. However Jean Paul Sartre implies that existence precedes essence in tender bes. Sartre believes that the egotism or body or in other words, the existence comes into being first and then after the homo being has entered this world he defines or makes up his essence or nature by his interaction with the surroundings, people and opportunities around him. According to Sartre, every human beingity being is defined or made essentially by development of his character through his time and interaction with the world and its people.Sartre also argues that because each human be ing is free to interact and make their get choices, the onus of these choices comes in the form of radical freedom and office. Every human being is obligated for their own actions and its consequences through the decisions that have been made by him. Behavior, whether good or bad cannot be justified by making it a part of a human beings nature or essence (Cline, n.d). People make their own choices and decisions and act accordingly and therefore any results that their actions might bear are the sole responsibility of the qualities that have been developed by that person. According to Sartre, the proverb, as you sow, so shall you reap defines his main idea of existential philosophyThe implication for this comes to the fact that individually we are responsible for our own actions but collectively as a mankind our actions shape the world around us and the future generations will learn from these and shape their characters or nature.Friedrich Nietzsche also believed that people can on ly be truly free when they free themselves from religion and faith in God. His famous remark God is stillborn echoes this ideology. The Christian church preached that all human beings were equal and that the after world was essentially of more importance than the present world, this according to Nietzsche undermined a human beings energy to excel and placed him in the same line as a common individual. He was highly influenced by Darwins theory survival of the fittest and believed that this kind of lecture undermined human beings true potential. According to Nietzsche anything that gave power to man and the will to power to deliver those actions was good and any form of weakness which according to him came by being moral and faithful was bad. In this case, since Christianity instilled in its believers moral values and the spiritual way of living, Nietzsche declared that the only way to achieve true potential and ache pain in the real world and truly live lifetime was to detach f rom God (Crowell, 2004)Abraham Maslows hierarchy of needs which consists of five levels namely physiological, safety, belonging, esteem and self actualization which is also the highest level of needs a person can achieve (cited in Burger, n.d). This relates to Sartres thesis that human beings exist and then define themselves by developing their nature and interacting with their surroundings. Maslow is essentially saying the same thing that a person who exists in this world moves towards fulfillment of his personal goals through decisions at alter levels of what he needs from the society in terms of food, shelter and a place among friends and family which helps him achieve the last stage of fulfillment of self actualization where he is able to give back to the society in terms of his experiences and the knowledge and development of ethics and character that has led him to lead a successful life essentially and give back to mankind.ReferencesBurger, D. (n.d.).Phenomenological perspec tives on change. Retrieved March 22nd, 2010 from http//www.themanager.org/Strategy/Phenomenological_Perspectives_on_Change_-_Daniel_Burger.pdfCline, A. (n.d.).Existence precedes essence themes and ideas in existentialist thought. Retrieved March 22nd, 2010 from http//atheism.about.com/od/existentialistthemes/a/existence.htmCrowell, S. (2004). Existentialism.Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved (2010, March 22) from http//plato.stanford.edu/entries/existentialism/

Gregors Guilt in Franz Kafkas The Metamorphosis :: Metamorphosis essays

Gregors Guilt in The Metamorphosis Humans feel obligated to do certain things. It makes them feel good, or worthwhile. If these responsibilities are not met or to the obligators own standards then guilt comes upon them. In The Metamorphosis, by Franz Kafka, Gregors self-condemnation keeps him trapped. Gregor is enslaved to his family. Therefore Gregors guilt emerges from the families burden. The excerpt below is a draw passage to understanding Gregors guilt Believe me, sir, theres something the matter with him. Otherwise how would Gregor have missed a train? That boy has nothing in his mind but the business. Its roughly begun to rile me that he never goes step up nights. Hes been back in the city for eight days now, but every night hes home. He sits there with us at the table, quietly reading the paper or studying timetables.(10) Guilt can be from many different situations. Gregors guilt was from his obligation to work. Even Gregors mother, a bystander, could see his dedication to his job. Life without amusement becomes stressful and unpleasant. Throughout the novel Gregor finds himself stressed out because of his dis satisfaction with his ability to provide for his family. Gregor, finally near the end of the novel, finds satisfaction in something his sisters violin. The novel is set on Gregor being placed into the fatherly role. From there stems all the problems from the novel. One in particular comes up. Gregor does not go out at night. This is his recr go throughional time, his time to relax and unwind. Instead Gregor stays working even when he is away from his job. Work without relaxation is dangerous. Even ancient texts emit about a day of rest. Guilt is deadly. Gregors guilt actually leads him to his death. The stress built up from his guilt was part of his death. Because of the stress and guilt Gregor did not eat much. He became malnourished. Many tragedies have been written on the guilt of a person. In the tragedy the guil t kills them.

Macbeth :: Shakespeare books

God and the devil have a strong presence in Macbeth. The characters look to paradise and hell as places they have to try and strive towards or steer away from. God and the devil seem to be the driving and obvious impel-out behind the happenings of the tragedy. They mold the characters into what they are. Even when things do not end up in their favor. The witches have an impact on the whole theme of the play. They are the ones who protrude to label Macbeth with titles, which he does not yet posses. The witches predict the future, which is to Macbeths liking. All hail Macbeth Hail to thee, Thane of Glamis. All hail Macbeth Hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor. All hail Macbeth, thats shalt be king hereafter(1.3.46-48). Macbeth at this time was only the Thane of Glamis and he knew he had aspirations of becoming king, but wanted to know how these witches would know to say such(prenominal)(prenominal) things. tell me moreBut how of Cawdor? The thane of Cawdor lives, a prosperous gentleman, and to be king stands not within the prospect of belief. (1.3.68-73) The witches at this point fade out and pop off Banquo and Macbeth to speculate. Ross and Angus enter and tell Macbeth that that the Thane of Cawdor is passage away to be executed and that Macbeth will take on the title. In Macbeths mind this means that he is going to be king. Since the witches were able to predict that he was going to be Thane of Cawdor then he believes he is definitely going to be king. What can the devil communicate true?(1.3.107) This is Banquos reaction after Ross hails Macbeth with his new title, Thane of Cawdor. Banquo lucres to wonder if what the witches proclaimed, would actually come true. If what they said did come true for him it would mean his children would be kings. This quote is carve up of strange to me. I am taking it as he refers to the witches as the devil. I dont know how he came to this conclusion maybe it is only if how he is trained to think towards anyone that can see the future. The witches planted this thought into Macbeths head about being king. Since the Cawdor topic came true with ease he believes that him becoming king will also be an easy transition.Macbeth Shakespeare books God and the devil have a strong presence in Macbeth. The characters look to enlightenment and hell as places they have to try and strive towards or steer away from. God and the devil seem to be the driving and obvious force behind the happenings of the tragedy. They mold the characters into what they are. Even when things do not end up in their favor. The witches have an impact on the whole theme of the play. They are the ones who start to label Macbeth with titles, which he does not yet posses. The witches predict the future, which is to Macbeths liking. All hail Macbeth Hail to thee, Thane of Glamis. All hail Macbeth Hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor. All hail Macbeth, thats shalt be king hereafter(1.3.46-48). Macbeth at this time was only the Thane of Glamis and he kn ew he had aspirations of becoming king, but wanted to know how these witches would know to say such things. tell me moreBut how of Cawdor? The thane of Cawdor lives, a prosperous gentleman, and to be king stands not within the prospect of belief. (1.3.68-73) The witches at this point fade out and snuff it Banquo and Macbeth to speculate. Ross and Angus enter and tell Macbeth that that the Thane of Cawdor is going to be executed and that Macbeth will take on the title. In Macbeths mind this means that he is going to be king. Since the witches were able to predict that he was going to be Thane of Cawdor then he believes he is definitely going to be king. What can the devil deal true?(1.3.107) This is Banquos reaction after Ross hails Macbeth with his new title, Thane of Cawdor. Banquo starts to wonder if what the witches proclaimed, would actually come true. If what they said did come true for him it would mean his children would be kings. This quote is word form of strange to me. I am taking it as he refers to the witches as the devil. I dont know how he came to this conclusion maybe it is hardly how he is trained to think towards anyone that can see the future. The witches planted this thought into Macbeths head about being king. Since the Cawdor topic came true with ease he believes that him becoming king will also be an easy transition.